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Abstract

The interface between two fluids is never flat at the nanoscale, and this is important for transport across interfaces. In the absence of any external field, the surface roughness is due to thermally excited capillary waves possessing subnanometric amplitudes in the case of simple liquids. Here, we investigate the effect of ultrasound on the surface roughness of liquid–gas and liquid–liquid interfaces. Megahertz (MHz) frequency ultrasound was applied normal to the interface at relatively low ultrasonic pressures (<0.6 MPa), and the amplitudes of surface fluctuations have been measured by light reflectivity and ellipsometry. We found a dramatic enhancement of surface roughness, roughly linear with intensity, with vertical displacements of the interface as high as 50–100 nm. As a consequence, the effective contact area between two fluids can be increased by ultrasound. This result has a clear impact for enhancing interface based processes such as mass or heat transfer.