Direct observation of electron propagation and dielectric screening on the 
atomic length scale

Neppl, Stefan; Ernstorfer, Ralph; Cavalieri, A. L.; Lemell, C.; Wachter, G.; Magerl, Elisabeth; Bothschafter, E. M.; Jobst, Michael; Hofstetter, Michael; Kleineberg, Ulf; Barth, J. V.; Menzel, Dietrich; Burgdörfer, J.; Feulner, P.; Krausz, Ferenc; Kienberger, Reinhard

doi:10.1038/nature14094

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Direct observation of electron propagation and dielectric screening on the atomic length scale

MPS-Authors

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Neppl, Stefan
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division;
Attosecond Dynamics, Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Max Planck Society;
Physik-Department, Technische Universität München;

/persons/resource/persons21497

Ernstorfer, Ralph
Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Max Planck Society;

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Cavalieri, A. L.
Extreme Timescales, Condensed Matter Dynamics Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Society;
Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften, University of Hamburg;
Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL);

/persons/resource/persons60679

Magerl, Elisabeth
Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons60589

Jobst, Michael
Attosecond Dynamics, Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Max Planck Society;
Physik-Department, Technische Universität München;

/persons/resource/persons60572

Hofstetter, Michael
Attosecond Dynamics, Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Max Planck Society;
Fakultät für Physik, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany;

/persons/resource/persons60616

Kleineberg, Ulf
Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Max Planck Society;
Fakultät für Physik, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany;

/persons/resource/persons21866

Menzel, Dietrich
Chemical Physics, Fritz Haber Institute, Max Planck Society;
Physik-Department, Technische Universität München;

/persons/resource/persons60638

Krausz, Ferenc
Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Max Planck Society;
Fakultät für Physik, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany;

/persons/resource/persons60612

Kienberger, Reinhard
Attosecond Dynamics, Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Max Planck Society;
Physik-Department, Technische Universität München;

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Neppl_et_al_15092014.pdf
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引用

Neppl, S., Ernstorfer, R., Cavalieri, A. L., Lemell, C., Wachter, G., Magerl, E., Bothschafter, E. M., Jobst, M., Hofstetter, M., Kleineberg, U., Barth, J. V., Menzel, D., Burgdörfer, J., Feulner, P., Krausz, F., & Kienberger, R. (2015). Direct observation of electron propagation and dielectric screening on the atomic length scale. Nature, 517(7534), 342-346. doi:10.1038/nature14094.

引用: https://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0024-C5E5-3

要旨

The propagation and transport of electrons in crystals is a fundamental process pertaining to the functioning of most electronic devices. Microscopic theories describe this phenomenon as being based on the motion of Bloch wave packets. These wave packets are superpositions of individual Bloch states with the group velocity determined by the dispersion of the electronic band structure near the central wavevector in momentum space. This concept has been verified experimentally in artificial superlattices by the observation of Bloch oscillations—periodic oscillations of electrons in real and momentum space. Here we present a direct observation of electron wave packet motion in a real-space and real-time experiment, on length and time scales shorter than the Bloch oscillation amplitude and period. We show that attosecond metrology (1 as = 10^-18 seconds) now enables quantitative insight into weakly disturbed electron wave packet propagation on the atomic length scale without being hampered by scattering effects, which inevitably occur over macroscopic propagation length scales. We use sub-femtosecond (less than 10^-15 seconds) extreme-ultraviolet light pulses to launch photoelectron wave packets inside a tungsten crystal that is covered by magnesium films of varied, well-defined thicknesses of a few ångströms. Probing the moment of arrival of the wave packets at the surface with attosecond precision reveals free-electron-like, ballistic propagation behaviour inside the magnesium adlayer—constituting the semi-classical limit of Bloch wave packet motion. Real-time access to electron transport through atomic layers and interfaces promises unprecedented insight into phenomena that may enable the scaling of electronic and photonic circuits to atomic dimensions. In addition, this experiment allows us to determine the penetration depth of electrical fields at optical frequencies at solid interfaces on the atomic scale