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Abstract

Coevolution of two species is typically thought to favour the evolution of faster evolutionary rates helping
a species keep ahead in the Red Queen race, where ‘it takes all the running you can do to stay where you
are’. In contrast, if species are in a mutualistic relationship, it was proposed that the Red King effect may
act, where it can be beneficial to evolve slower than the mutualistic species. The Red King hypothesis
proposes that the species which evolves slower can gain a larger share of the benefits. However, the interactions
between the two species may involve multiple individuals. To analyse such a situation, we resort to
evolutionary multiplayer games. Even in situations where evolving slower is beneficial in a two-player setting,
faster evolution may be favoured in a multiplayer setting. The underlying features of multiplayer
games can be crucial for the distribution of benefits. They also suggest a link between the evolution of
the rate of evolution and group size.