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Free keywords:
disulfide reductase; flavoproteins; glutaredoxin; redox metabolism; selenoprotein
Abstract:
In most cells, the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione systems are essential in maintaining redox homeostasis. The selenoprotein thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) is a hybrid enzyme in which a glutaredoxin (Grx) domain is linked to a thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Notably, the protein is also capable of reducing glutathione disulfide (GSSG), thus representing an important link between the two redox systems. In this study, we recombinantly produced human TGR (hTGR wild-type) by fusing its open reading frame with a bacterial selenocysteine insertion sequence element and co-expressing the construct in Escherichia coli together with the selA, selB, and selC genes. Additionally, the Sec→Cys mutant (hTGRU642C ) of the full-length protein, the isolated TrxR domain (hTGR151-643 ) and the Grx domain containing a monothiol active site (hTGR1-150 ) were produced and purified. All four proteins were kinetically characterized in direct comparison using Trx, DTNB, HED, or GSSG as the oxidizing substrate. Interestingly, the HED reduction activity was Sec independent and comparable in the full-length protein and the isolated Grx domain, whereas the TrxR and glutathione reductase reactions were clearly selenocysteine dependent, with the GR reaction requiring the Grx domain. Site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed novel insights into the mechanism of GSSG reduction. Furthermore, we identified several glutathionylation sites in hTGR, including Cys93, Cys133, and Cys619, and an inhibitory effect of these modifications on enzyme activity. In contrast to other TGRs, for example, from platyhelminth parasites, hTGR did not exhibit hysteretic behavior. These findings provide new insights into the reaction mechanism and regulation of monothiol Grx-containing TGRs.
