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antiherbivore defense, coevolution, myrmecophytism, myrmecophily, plant-animal interaction
Abstract:
Protective ant-plant interactions, important in both temperate and tropical communities, are increasingly used to study a wide range of phenomena of general interest. As antiherbivore defenses “worn on the outside,” they pose fewer barriers to experimen
As multi-trophic level interactions varying in species-specificity and impact on fitness of participants, ant-plant-herbivore associations figure prominently in studies of foodweb structure and functioning. Horizontally transmitted mutualisms that are vuln
models.
