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Free keywords:
flavins; fluorescence; light oxygen voltage; molecular dynamics; quantum mechanics
Abstract:
The light-induced processes of two flavin mononucleotide derivatives (1- and 5-deaza flavin mononucleotide, 1DFMN and
5DFMN), incorporated into the LOV domain of YtvA protein from Bacillus subtilis, were studied by a combination of experimental
and computational methods. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations were carried out in
which the QM part was treated by density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP functional for geometry optimizations and the DFT/MRCI method for spectroscopic properties, whereas the MM part was described by the CHARMM force field. 1DFMN is incorporated into the protein binding site, yielding a red-shifted absorption band (lmax=530 nm compared to YtvA wild-type lmax=445 nm), but does not undergo any LOV-typical photoreactions such as triplet and photoadduct formation. QM/MM computations confirmed the absence
of a channel for triplet formation and located a radiation-free channel (through an S1/S0 conical intersection) along a hydrogen
transfer path that might allow for fast deactivation. By contrast, 5DFMN-YtvA-LOV shows a blue-shifted absorption
(lmax=410 nm) and undergoes similar photochemical processes
to FMN in the wild-type protein, both with regard to the photophysics and the formation of a photoadduct with a flavin-cysteinyl covalent bond. The QM/MM calculations predict a mechanism that involves hydrogen transfer in the T1 state, followed by intersystem crossing and adduct formation
in the S0 state for the forward reaction. Experimentally, in contrast
to wild-type YtvA, dark-state recovery in 5DFMN-YtvALOV is not thermally driven but can only be accomplished after absorption of a second photon by the photoadduct,
again via the triplet state. The QM/MM calculations suggest a photochemical mechanism for dark-state recovery that is
accessible only for the adduct with a C4a–S bond but not for alternative adducts with a C5–S bond.
