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Free keywords:
Animals
Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
Evolution, Molecular
Gene Expression Regulation
Genes, Reporter
Genes, sry
HEK293 Cells
Humans
Kidney/cytology/metabolism
Male
Mediator Complex/*genetics
Mice
Phylogeny
Physical Chromosome Mapping
Platypus/*genetics
SOX9 Transcription Factor/genetics
Sex Determination Processes
Testis/cytology/*physiology
Transfection
X Chromosome/*genetics
Y Chromosome/*genetics
Abstract:
The basal lineage of monotremes features an extraordinarily complex sex chromosome system which has provided novel insights into the evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes. Recently, sequence information from autosomes, X chromosomes, and XY-shared pseudoautosomal regions has become available. However, no gene has so far been described on any of the Y chromosome-specific regions. We analyzed sequences derived from Y-specific BAC clones to identify genes with potentially male-specific function. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the mediator complex protein gametologs on platypus Y5 (Crspy). We also identified the X-chromosomal copy which unexpectedly maps to X1 (Crspx). Sequence comparison shows extensive divergence between the X and Y copy, but we found no significant positive selection on either gametolog. Expression analysis shows widespread expression of Crspx. Crspy is expressed exclusively in males with particularly strong expression in testis and kidney. Reporter gene assays to investigate whether Crspx/y can act on the recently discovered mouse Sox9 testis-specific enhancer element did reveal a modest effect together with mouse Sox9 + Sf1, but showed overall no significant upregulation of the reporter gene. This is the first report of a differentiated functional male-specific gene on platypus Y chromosomes, providing new insights into sex chromosome evolution and a candidate gene for male-specific function in monotremes.
