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We report that three main constituents of nanosystems-metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics-can be categorically distinguished by their specific optical near-field contrast at 633 nm wavelength. The decisive property is the local dielectric constant as we show by calculations based on dipolar coupling theory. Experiments with Au/Si/PS(polystyrene) nanostructures using an apertureless scattering-type near-field optical microscope yield optical images at 10 nm resolution, with clear material contrast close to predicted levels. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.