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キーワード:
upper troposphere; chemical composition; stratosphere- troposphere exchange; airstreams; coherent trajectory ensembles
要旨:
[1] During the July 1998 Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiments by Aircraft Measurements (STREAM) intensive campaign, eight measurement flights were conducted from Timmins airport (Ontario, Canada, 48.2degreesN, 79.3degreesW). In situ measurements of ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nonmethane hydrocarbons, as well as three-dimensional back trajectories based on European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts wind field analyses, are used to characterize upper tropospheric air masses with respect to their origin. In the upper troposphere between 8 km and the local tropospause, about 40% of the air masses originated from the subtropics/tropics ksouth of 30degreesN, about 50% originated from midlatitudes (between 30degrees and 50degreesN), and 12% originated from the polar region north of 50degreesN. In general, highest trace gas levels were observed in air masses originating from midlatitudes (e. g., CO, 107 +/- 25 ppbv; ethane, 983 +/- 385 pptv; acetylene, 119 +/- 43 pptv), with the exception of CO, which had highest mixing ratios (121 +/- 11 ppbv) in air masses of polar origin. The lowest concentrations were generally observed in air masses of (sub) tropical origin (e. g., CO, 64 +/- 2 ppbv; ethane, 424 +/- 86 pptv; acetylene, 39 +/- 14 pptv). For CO and most of the alkanes a significant positive latitudinal gradient was observed, while CO2 and CH3Cl exhibited an inverse gradient with lowest mixing ratios at high northern latitudes. This reflects the different source and sink distributions of the investigated species. Ozone mixing ratios significantly increased in the upper troposphere above 8 km altitude, at least partially because of stratosphere- troposphere exchange. Approximately 10% of the upper tropospheric air was directly influenced by recent cross- tropopause exchange. A case study indicates that the convergence of air masses of different origin along a cold front creates sharp gradients not only in temperature and humidity but also in trace gas concentrations. It is shown that these mesoscale gradients result from the organized flows of tropical, arctic, and stratospheric air masses.
